1916

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Year 1916 (Roman numerals) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1916 January : Claude Monet paints Water Lilies series.

January 1

The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled.
Impressionist painter Monet paints Water Lilies series.

January 5 - Rainmaker Charles Hatfield - begins; it will cause flooding around San Diego, California
January 8 - Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli
January 13/January 14 - A heavy storm sweeps through the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands, causing extensive damage. This storm helped the Dutch parliament to decide to build the Afsluitdijk and build polders in the current IJsselmeer.
January 17 - The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) is formed
January 18 - A 611 gram chondrite type meteorite struck a house near Baxter, Missouri, Stone County, Missouri.
January 23 to January 24 In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7°C to -48.8°C (44°F to -56°F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.
January 24 - In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad the Supreme Court of the United States upholds the federal income tax
January 28 - Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
January 29 - World War I: Paris is bombed by Germany zeppelins for the first time.

February

February 3 - Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.
February 9 - 6.00 p.m. - Tristan Tzara "founds" Dadaism (according to Hans Arp).
February 11

Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.
Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert.
Romanian football (soccer) club Sportul Studenţesc is founded.

February 21 - World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.

March

March 1 - British Columbia Liberal Party British Columbia Premier Harlan Carey Brewster term in office ends
March 6 - Sydney conservatorium of music in Australia accepts first students
March 8-March 9 night - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa leads 1,500 Mexico raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17. Garrison of US 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.
March 15 - President of the United States Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border border to pursue Pancho Villa; 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexico territory.
March 16 - US 7th and 10th cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing crosses the border to join the hunt of Villa
March 16 - Sussex (French passenger ferry) torpedoed, resulting in Sussex Pledge
March 19 - First United States air combat mission in history as eight US planes take off in pursuit of Pancho Villa
March 20 - At the age of 32, Ota Benga built a ceremonial fire, chipped off the caps on his teeth, performed a final tribal dance, and shot himself in the heart with a stolen pistol.
March 22 - Marriage of Edith Bratt and John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. They would serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Lúthien and Beren.

April

April 24 - April 30 - Easter Rising in Ireland
April 27 - Battle of Hulluch in World War I, 47th Brigade, 16th Irish Division decimated in one of the most heavily-concentrated gas attacks of the war
April - The light_switch was invented by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg

May

May 5 - USMC invade the Dominican Republic.
May 20 - The Saturday Evening Post publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting ("Boy with Baby Carriage").
May 21 - United Kingdom initiates daylight saving time.
May 22 - United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola is decided.
May 31 - June 1 - Battle of Jutland

June

June 5

Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Past Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.
HMS Hampshire (1903) sinks off the Orkney Islands, Scotland, with Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener aboard

June 8 - The Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in WWI, begins with the breakthrough of Austro-Hungarian lines.
June 15 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America.

July

July 1 - November 18: More than 1 million soldiers die during The Battle of the Somme (1916) including 60,000 casualties for the Commonwealth of Nations on the first day.
July 1 - July 12: at least one shark mauled five swimmers along 80 miles of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, resulting in four deaths and survival of one youth who required limb amputation. This event was the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws (film).
July 2 - Battle of Erzincan
July 8-16- Massive flooding caused by two different hurricanes devastates Western North Carolina.
July 15 - In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
July 22 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 injuring 40. (Warren Billings and Thomas Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it)
July 23 - Birth of Sandra Gould.
July 29 - In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane, Ontario and Matheson, Ontario - 233 dead
July 30 - German agents cause the Black Tom explosion in Jersey City, New Jersey, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least seven people.

August

August 7 - Portugal joins the allies in the World War I
August 25 - President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.

September

September - Bulgaria takes Dobruja from the Romanians.
September 2 - William Leefe-Robinson becomes the first pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain.
September 13 - Mary, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge.
September 13 - Roald Dahl is born

October during World War I.

October 12 - Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.
October 16 - Margaret Sanger founds Planned Parenthood by opening the first U.S. birth control clinic.
October 27 - Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zauditu of Ethiopia.

November

November 1 - Paul Miliukov delivers in the State Duma the famous "stupidity or treason" speech, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
November 5 - Kingdom of Poland (Mitteleuropa) proclaimed by joint act of emperors of Germany and Austria
November 5 - Honan Chapel, Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts & Crafts Movement(1894-1925), is dedicated.
November 7

Woodrow Wilson defeats Charles Evans Hughes in the U.S. presidential election, 1916.
Republican Party (United States) Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.

November 13 - Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Australian Labor Party over his support for conscription.
November 18 - World War I: Battle of the Somme (1916) ends - In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle which started on July 1, 1916.
November 21 - HMHS Britannic (built in 1911 and launched in 1914), the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner of the White Star Line, sister ship of RMS Olympic and the legendary RMS Titanic, sank after hitting a mine with the loss of 30 lives.
November 23 - World War I,Eastern Front (World War I): Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is occupied by the troops of the Central Powers.
November 25 - Friedrich Adler shoots Karl von Stürgkh, List of Ministers-President of Austria

December

December - Sopwith Camel aircraft is introduced to combat the German-built Fokker fighter aircraft.
December 12 - In the Dolomites, an avalanche buries 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.
December 23 - World War I: Battle of Magdhaba - In the Sinai Peninsula desert, Australian and New Zealand mounted troops capture the Turkey garrison.
December 29 - Grigori Rasputin is murdered by two Romanov family members.
December 30 - Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca Department in Colombia and declare Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela
December 31 - The Hampton Terrace Hotel, North Augusta in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the nation at the time, burns to the ground.

Undated

Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute designed and made by the Bascom boys, Raymond, Mel, Earl and their father John W. Bascom at Welling, Alberta Canada
Cours de linguistique générale by Ferdinand de Saussure is published.
Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, are cancelled.
Food is rationed in Germany.
Ernst Rüdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia.
The Netherlands is hit by a North Sea storm that floods lowlands and kills 10.000 people.
Robert Baden-Powell founds Wolf Cubs scouts in Britain, changed to Cub Scouts in the United States.
Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline
Gustav Holst composes The Planets, Opus 32
Bray Studios creates the Farmer Al Falfa series, the first of the Terrytoons.
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded.
The Enrico Parodi sinks while in tow off the The Carracks in Cornwall, England.

Ongoing

World War I (1914-1918).
Mexican Revolution.
Ethnic cleansing in Turkey:

Assyrian Genocide (1914–1922)
Armenian Genocide (1915–1918)
Pontic Greek Genocide (1916–1923).

Fictional The following are references to year 1916 in fiction:

Citizen Kane (1941): In this year, Charles Foster Kane runs for New York governor and loses. Also in 1916, Emily Monroe Norton divorces him and, in either this year or in 1917, he marries Susan Alexander.

Births January-February

January 3 - Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994)
January 3 - Bernard Greenhouse, American cellist
January 7 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975)
January 9 - Peter Twinn, English mathematician and World War II code-breaker (d. 2004)
January 10 - Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
January 12 - Pieter Willem Botha, President of South Africa (d. 2006)
January 17 - Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr., American politician
January 18 - Silviu Brucan, Romanian author and politician (d. 2006)
January 19 - Harry Huskey, American computer designer
January 22 - Henri Dutilleux, French composer
January 24

Marvin Creamer, American sailor
Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela

February 2 - Olaf Pooley, English actor
February 4 - Shah Maghsoud Sadegh Angha, 41st master of the Oveyssi Sufi order (d. 1980)
February 9 - Tex Hughson, baseball player (d. 1993)
February 11

Ivan Hristov Bashev, Bulgarian Foreign Minister (d. 1971)
Joseph Alioto, Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1998)

February 14

Sally Gray, English actress (d. 2006)
Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director (d. 1996)
Denham Harman, American gerontologist
Marcel Bigeard, French military officer

February 15 - Ernest Millington, English politician
February 18 - Maria Altmann, Austrian Holocaust survivor and hieress
February 20 - Jean Erdman, American dancer
February 26 - Jackie Gleason, American comedian (d. 1987)
February 28 - Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist
February 29 - Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994)

March-April

March 3 - Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 2006)
March 4

William Alland, American actor, producer, writer and director (d. 1997)
Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (d. 2000)
Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997)

March 11 - Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
March 13

John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1981)
Lindy Boggs, American politician

March 14 - Horton Foote, American writer
March 15 - Harry James, American musician and band leader (d. 1983)
March 17

Ray Ellington, British singer (d. 1985)
Volodia Teitelboim, Chilean author and politician

March 19 - Irving Wallace, American novelist (d. 1990)
March 20 - Pierre Messmer, French politician (d. 2007)
March 24 - Donald Hamilton, Swedish-born writer (d. 2006)
March 26 - Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1995)
March 29 - Eugene McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Minnesota and Presidential candidate (d. 2005)
March 31 - Lucille Bliss, American voice actor
April 3

Peter Gowland, American photographer
Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997)

April 5 - Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
April 11 - Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983)
April 12

Beverly Cleary, American author
Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (d. 2007)

April 13 - Phyllis Fraser, American actor and publisher (d. 2006)
April 15 - Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982)
April 18 - José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica
April 22 - Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999)
April 24 - Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic
April 25 - R.J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001)
April 26

Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer
George Tuska, American comic strip artist

April 28 - Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993)
April 30

Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001)
Robert Shaw (conductor), American conductor (d. 1999)

May-June

May 1 - Glenn Ford, American actor (d. 2006)
May 6 - Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997)
May 8 - Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993)
May 8 - João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president
May 10 - Milton Babbitt, American composer
May 11 - Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (d. 2002)
May 14 - Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000)
May 15 - Ephraim Katzir, President of Israel
May 17 - Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer
May 20 - Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006)
May 20 - Owen Chadwick, British author and historian
May 21

Lydia Mendoza, American musician
Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002)
Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997)

May 26 - Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972)
May 31

Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997)
Bernard Lewis, British historian

June 4 - Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
June 5 - Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager
June 8 - Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
June 9 - Robert McNamara, U.S. Secretary of Defense
June 15 - Herbert Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize in Economics laureate (d. 2001)
June 18 - Julio César Turbay Ayala, Colombian politician (d. 2005)
June 23

Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (d. 1986)
Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990)

June 24 - William B. Saxbe, American politician

July-August

July 1

Olivia de Havilland, British actress
Lawrence Halprin, American architect

July 2

Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982)
Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer

July 4

Iva Toguri D'Aquino, "Tokyo Rose" (d. 2006)
Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter

July 8 - Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter, and author
July 9 - Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
July 11

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (d. 2002)
Gough Whitlam, twenty-first Prime Minister of Australia
Reg Varney, British actor

July 14 - Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991)
July 18 - L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005)
July 19 - Phil Cavarretta, baseball player
July 22

Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)
Larry Hooper, American singer and musician (d. 1983)

July 23 - George 'Dusty' Rhodes, British Army Sergeant and author
July 25 - Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001)
July 28 - David Brown, American producer
July 30 - Dick Wilson, American actor
July 31 - Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
August 1 - Fiorenzo Cardinal Angelini, Italian Cardinal
August 5 - Kermit Love, American puppeter
August 6 - Dom Mintoff, Prime Minister of Malta
August 14 - Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author
August 16 - Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003)
August 20 - Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984)
August 25

Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2003)
Van Johnson, American actor

August 27 - Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994)
August 28 - Jack Vance, American writer
August 29 - Luther Davis, American screenwriter
August 30 - Shag Crawford, American umpire in Major League Baseball (d. 2007)
August 31

Daniel Schorr, American journalist
John S. Wold, American politician

September-October

September 1

Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player
Joseph Minish, American politician

September 13 - Roald Dahl, Welsh author (d. 1990)
September 14 - John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001)
September 27 - Frank Handlen, American artist
October 3

Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969)
James Herriot, Scottish veterinarian and author (d. 1995)

October 4 - Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
October 12 - Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994)
October 14 - C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General
October 19

Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1994)

October 26 - François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996)
October 30 - Leon Day, baseball player (d. 1995)

November-December

November 1 - John C. Harkness, American architect
November 4 - Walter Cronkite, American television journalist
November 5 - Jim Tabor, baseball player (d. 1953)
November 10 - Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter
November 11 - Robert Carr, British politician
November 14 - Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer
November 16 - Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988)
November 24 - Forrest J. Ackerman, American writer
November 26 - Gerhard Unger, German tenor
November 27 - Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002)
November 28

Mary Lilian Baels, queen of Léopold III of Belgium (d. 2002)
Ramón José Velásquez, President of Venezuela

November 29 - Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000)
December 8 - Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006)
December 9 - Kirk Douglas, American actor
December 11 - Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989)
December 14 - Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965)
December 15 - Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
December 18

Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973)
Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader

December 19

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist
Roy Ward Baker, English film director
Jack Agazarian, English World War II spy (d. 1945)

December 25 - Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001)
December 27 - Johnny Frigo, American jazz violinist and bassist (d.2007)

Deaths January - June

January 4 - Bruce Sloss, Australian footballer (b. 1889)
January 13 - Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (b. 1854)
February 6 - Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867)
February 12 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831)
February 13 - Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864)
February 19 - Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838)
February 20 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844)
February 28 - Henry James, American writer (b. 1843)
March 4 - Franz Marc, German artist (b. 1880)
March 24 - Enrique Granados, Spanish composer (ship sinking) (b. 1867)
April 19 - Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839)
April 21 - Georges Boillot, French Grand Prix driver (killed in action) (b. 1884)
May 3 - Padraig Pearse, Irish nationalist (b. 1879)
May 11 - Max Reger, German composer (b. 1873)
May 12 - James Connolly (socialist), Irish socialist (b. 1868)
May 13 - Sholom Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish writer (b. 1859)
May 21 - Artúr Görgey, Hungarian military general and politician (b. 1818)
June 5 - Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (b. 1850)
June 6 - Yuan Shikai, Chinese military official and politician (b. 1859)
June 29 - Georges Lacombe, French artist (b. 1868)

July - December

July 6 - Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840)
July 16 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
July 23 - Sir William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (b. 1852)
July 29 - Claude Charles Castleton, Australian VC recipient (killed in battle) (b. 1893)
August 3 - Sir Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (b. 1864)
August 31 - Martha McClellan Brown, American activist (b. 1838)
September 4 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1832)
October 7 - James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (b. 1849)
October 28 - Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (b. 1838)
October 31 - Charles Taze Russell, American preacher (b. 1852)
November 9 - Ion Dragalina, Romanian general (killed in action) (b. 1860)
November 13 - Lanoe Hawker, British fighter pilot (b. 1890)
November 14

Henry George, Jr., American politician (b. 1862)
Saki, British writer (b. 1870)

November 15 - Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1846)
November 21 - Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (b. 1830)
November 22 - Jack London, American author (b. 1876)
November 24 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American firearms inventor (b. 1840)
December 28 - Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (b. 1835)
December 29 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (b. 1870)

Nobel Prizes

Nobel Prize in Physics - not awarded
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - not awarded
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - not awarded
Nobel Prize in Literature - Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
Nobel Peace Prize - not awarded